Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch into sugars is influenced by microgel assembly.

The use of alginate and chitosan polymer in the immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae ATCC 3940 fungal crude enzyme extract (CEE) amylase was presented. The assembly results change in the application of optimal pH and temperature hydrolysis to convert starch to sugar. Bead arrangement in three microgel supports: the internal support phase (IP), the external support phase (EP), and the internal and external support phase (UP). The best results were obtained using IP and EP. Reusing beads evaluated the stability of immobilized enzymes on IP support, remained active and bound during three cycles of reuse. For free and immobilized (IP) activity showed pH ranged from 5.0 to 7.0; optimum thermal enzymatic greater activity at 45 °C. The method of building the microgel influencing sugar reduction, in a single-step way to immobilize crude fungal amylase extracts can be used in industry.

Glucosyltransferase production by Klebsiella sp. K18 and conversion of sucrose to palatinose using immobilized cells / Produção de glicosiltransferase por Klebsiella sp. K18 e conversão de sacarose em palatinose utilizando células imobilizadas

The strain Klebsiella sp. K18 produces the enzyme glucosyltransferase and catalyses the conversion of sucrose to palatinose, an alternative sugar that presents low cariogenicity. Response Surface Methodology was successfully employed to determine the optimal concentration of culture medium components. Maximum glucosyltransferase production (21.78 U mL-1) was achieved using the optimized medium composed by sugar cane molasses (80 g L-1), bacteriological peptone (7 g L-1) and yeast extract (20 g L-1), after 8 hours of fermentation at 28ºC. The conversion of sucrose to palatinose was studied utilizing immobilized cells in calcium alginate. The effects of the alginate concentration (2-4%), cell mass concentration (20-40%) and substrate concentration (25-45%) were evaluated and the yield of palatinose was approximately 62.5%.

A linhagem Klebsiella sp. K18 produz a enzima glicosiltransferase que catalisa a conversão de sacarose em palatinose, um açúcar alternativo que apresenta baixa cariogenicidade. Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta foi empregada com sucesso para determinar a concentração ótima dos componentes do meio de cultivo. A máxima produção deglicosiltransferase (21,78 U mL-1) foi obtida utilizando o meio de cultivo otimizado composto por melaço de cana de açúcar (80 g L-1), peptona bacteriológica (7 g L-1) e extrato de levedura (20 g L-1), após 8 horas de fermentação a 28ºC. A conversão desacarose em palatinose foi estudada utilizando células imobilizadas em alginato de cálcio. Os efeitos da concentração de alginato (2-4%), concentração de massa celular (20-40%) e concentração de substrato (25-45%) foram avaliados e a porcentagem de palatinose foi de aproximadamente 62,5%.

Glucosyltransferase production by Klebsiella sp. K18 and conversion of sucrose to palatinose using immobilized cells.

The strain Klebsiella sp. K18 produces the enzyme glucosyltransferase and catalyses the conversion of sucrose to palatinose, an alternative sugar that presents low cariogenicity. Response Surface Methodology was successfully employed to determine the optimal concentration of culture medium components. Maximum glucosyltransferase production (21.78 U mL(-1)) was achieved using the optimized medium composed by sugar cane molasses (80 g L(-1)), bacteriological peptone (7 g L(-1)) and yeast extract (20 g L(-1)), after 8 hours of fermentation at 28°C. The conversion of sucrose to palatinose was studied utilizing immobilized cells in calcium alginate. The effects of the alginate concentration (2-4%), cell mass concentration (20-40%) and substrate concentration (25-45%) were evaluated and the yield of palatinose was approximately 62.5%.

Características estructurales de la aorta de conejo oryctolagus cuniculus / Structural features of the aorta of rabbit oryctolagus cuniculus

La estructura microscópica de la aorta de conejo fue estudiada, con recursos de microscopías óptica, electrónica de barrido y de transmisión, en las porciones ascendente torácica y abdominal, observándose variaciones morfométricas en el diámetro vascular y espesor de las capas de la pared aórtica. Los valores obtenidos fueron, generalmente, mayores en la porción ascendente. Características estructurales de la pared vascular fueron descritas, destacándose la presencia de pliegues en la túnica íntima; la formación de conexiones mioelásticas en la túnica media, variaba el número de lamelas elásticas en distintos segmentos, siendo mayor en las porciones torácicas ascendente y descendente, en relación a la porción abdominal. En la túnica adventicia predominaban las fibras del conjuntivo, dispuestas de forma variada, constituyendo una red. Los resultados fueron discutidos en términos morfofuncionales, teniendo presentes las pequeñas, pero significativas, variaciones segmentares observadas en la estructura de la pared aórtica de conejo